NATIONAL FOREST OF PURUS

The National Forest of Purus and the National Forest of Mapiá- Inauiní were created in jungle 6th , 1988 and August 14th, 1989 respectively. Both contiguous-forests occupy an area of approximately 560.000 hectares to be preserved as National Environmental protected areas. At that time the agreement between the IBAMA ( Governmental Environment Agency) and the AMVCM ( Association of the village Céu do Mapiá ) was celebrated. The agreement established the responsibility and management of AMVCM over both National Forests. The aims of AMVCM is to protect and its eco-systems and develop sustainable production activities of the natural renewed resources in order to guarantee a better for its people.

Few years later, The IBAMA wrote an official report, mentioning that only 0,066% of the area was deforested, though most of its opening areas were in sites already cleared before the settlement of the people of Céu do Mapiá.

As it proved that AMVCM was able to practice a sustainable management of the forest and watch over its conservation, The village Céu do Mapiá extend its community experiences to other areas of the forest. Each area was choose following its economical endowment. They are:

Farm of São Sebastião: located next to the mouth of Mapiá river stream with the Purus river, the farm has 70 inhabitants and its main economical activity is based on reforestation of oil producing species such as Copaíba trees and Pupunha palm-trees, local agriculture, tropical fruits and a primitive industrial productions of Brazilian nuts, dry bananas and banana flour. The dry bananas have been sold to local and others markets in the South of Brazil.

The Community of Gregório de Melo: Situated on the fertile banks of the Purus river, the community has 75 inhabitants engaged on the agriculture of the lowland at the margin of the river. The community produces vegetables and grains and also many different types of tropical fruits.

The Community of Trono do Sol: Located in the margins of the Inuriã river stream, located at the extremely north area of the National Forest of Mapiá-Inauní, 140 Km away from the Purus river. It is the most fertile land of the National forest. Very rich in rubber trees and Brazilian nut trees and many other extractive products with commercial values. Trono do Sol is an area of abundant fauna such as "tracajás" (a are rare species of fresh water turtle). "peixe-boi", and many other species of birds in process of extinction. This area is reserved mainly for extractive activities and conservation.

The Community of Cachoeira: Located on the banks of the river stream of Mapiá, two hours away from the village, the community pretend to establish: a) a self-sustainable nucleus in terms of housing, food supply, energy and economical basis, using technologies and methods aimed specifically towards a full adaptations of the Amazonian environment; b) Creation of an Institute of Research and Forestalls Extension; c) Setting up a nursery, consisting of a seeding bank at tropical natives trees.

AMAZON RAIN FOREST

Amazon rain forest

The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica, Amazonía or usually Amazonia; French: Forêt amazonienne; Dutch: Amazoneregenwoud), also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the Amazon Basin of South America. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations. The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. States or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names.

Etymology

The name 'Amazon' is said to arise from a war Francisco de Orellana fought with a tribe of Tapuyas and other tribes from South America. The women of the tribe fought alongside the men, as was the custom among the entire tribe. Orellana derived the name Amazonas from the mythical Amazons of Asia described by Herodotus and Diodorus in Greek legends.

Natural

The rainforest likely formed during the Eocene era. It appeared following a global reduction of tropical temperatures when the Atlantic Ocean had widened sufficiently to provide a warm, moist climate to the Amazon basin. The rain forest has been in existence for at least 55 million years, and most of the region remained free of savanna-type biomes at least until the current ice age, when the climate was drier and savanna more widespread.

Human activity

Based on archaeological evidence from an excavation at Caverna da Pedra Pintada, human inhabitants first settled in the Amazon region at least 11,200 years ago.Subsequent development led to late-prehistoric settlements along the periphery of the forest by AD 1250, which induced alterations in the forest cover. 

DEFORESTATION

Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of deforestation in the Amazon are human settlement and development of the land. Prior to the early 1960s, access to the forest's interior was highly restricted, and the forest remained basically intact.Farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the slash and burn method. However, the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of soil fertility and weed invasion.The soils in the Amazon are productive for just a short period of time, so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land. These farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage. Deforestation is considerable, and areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space.

Conservation and climate change

Environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest, and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems—of the order of 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996